A Plan Of Investigation On The Peace After World War I

A Plan of investigation This investigation will explore the extent to which implausible peace settlement propositions during World War I led to the Armistice and eventually engendered German animosity and hostility. This investigation will examine the circumstances of the First World War that drove the Allies to push for an armistice as opposed to an unconditional surrender. It will analyze the tactics of negotiation of the Allies in order to end the war and examine German anger when expectations were not met. Overall, this investigation will examine how this well-intentioned urgency for peace negatively impacted the future of Europe in terms of its failure to fulfill the promises made by the Allies. Research for the investigation will be†¦show more content†¦Masses of German troops shifted from the east to the west. It became evident that, with Germany on the rise to power, American intervention was needed on behalf of the Allies. President Wilson clung to neutrality, but the Bolshevik Revolution but a strain on the American people to intervene in order to safeguard international democracy. With an estimated six months until British surrender, the weary Allies waited for aid. America’s mobilization for war demanded extreme sacrifice of the American people; over 7.5 civilians were conscripted into the armed forces, American factories broke all records for production, monetary aid flowed to the Allies, and civilian consumption was cut drastically. The overstrained Germans met American troops in September of 1918; the offensive proved to be more than the Germans could withstand and an armistice was arranged in November. German Sentiment In September of 1918 dictatorial powers rested with German military leader, General Ludendorff, who realized that Germany’s cause was hopeless. He urged the Kaiser to establish a parliamentary republic hoping that the Allies would treat a peaceful German Republic more leniently than a militaristic empire. Kaiser William II was abdicated in November, the new Weimar Republic of Germany was established, and the armistice was signed. The Armistice Germany agreed to armistice negotiations only if the settlement was founded president Wilson’s

A Basic Principle Of Attachment Theory Essay - 1585 Words

A parent-child interaction happens prenatal and continues throughout a child s development soon after a child is born, an attachment begins. This attachment begins with imprinting which some call the sensitive period. During this time the child will become attached to the first caregiver seen (usually the mother) and look to it for any sort of comfort. This was discovered through Bowlby s experiment with ducks in the 1970 s, Bowlby defined attachment theory as â€Å"Attachment theory conceptualizes the propensity of human beings to make strong affectional bonds to particular others (Bowlby, 1977, p. 201).† (Bartholomew Horowitz, 1991 p. 226). â€Å"A basic principle of attachment theory is that attachment relationships continue to be important throughout the life span (Ainsworth, 1982,1989; Bowlby, 1977,1980,1982b).† (Bartholomew Horowitz, 1991 p. 226). Many theories have been proposed to explain what motivates human interactions and behaviors in relationships. This literature review on Shelley A. Riggs, Angela M. Cusimano, and Karen M. Benson paper Childhood Emotional Abuse and Attachment Processes in the Dyadic Adjustment of Dating Couples and W. Steven Rholes, Ramona L. Paetzold, Jamie L. Kohn paper Disorganized attachment mediates the link from early trauma to externalizing behavior in adult relationships will primarily be looking at how childhood maltreatment leads to disorganized attachment which is thus exhibited in later life relations. Secondarily, this review willShow MoreRelatedBonding : Maternal Infant Attachment And The Maternal Role Attainment Theory1707 Words   |  7 Pagesthoughts that integrates unrelated phenomena, and is the primary building block of a theory. Concepts are necessary components of a phenomenon, which are used to comprehend and be synthesized into a theory or paradigm. (McEwen, M. Wills, E.M.) According to McEwen Wills concept exploration, concept clarification, and concept analysis are three strategies described by Meleis in 2012. These are used in nursing theory, research and practice to develop conceptual meanings. (McEwen, M. Wills, E.M.)Read MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory1421 Words   |  6 Pages There are a lot of close relationship theory that are studied in social psychology but one of the main theory is attachment theory. This theory not only provides a framework for understanding emotional reactions in infants but also in love, loneliness, and grief in adults. In adults there are attachment styles that are a type of working model that explains certain behaviors that are developed at infancy and childhood. An infant requires two basic attitudes during their earliest interactionsRead MoreThe Attachment Of Children And Their Influence On Children1686 Words   |  7 PagesAvoidant Attachment in Children Parents are a vital factor in the development of their children. 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The ethologists theory concentrates Read MoreAttachment, A Deep And Emotional Bond1477 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we consider the term attachment we may look to John Bowlby for an explanation who stated that ‘attachment is a deep and emotional bond that connects one person to another through space and time’ this is a great analogy, however what we do know about attachment is that it can be one sided, it is possible for one person to attach themselves or create a bond with a person that doesn’t reciprocate their feelings. An attachment may be considered as a likeness or kinship when the feeling is mutualRead MoreRationale Statement : The Development And Implementation Of The Curriculum1639 Words   |  7 Pagesalso believes that infants have strong drives to learn and powerful learning abilities; they show imagination and perseverance†(Rockel, 2010). Children’s learning and development start deteriorating in the p oor environment. 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He emphasises the importance of observing and modelling the behavior, attitudes and emotional reaction from others. Children from large families or children who attend day care may do this a lot, they will always be observing other children or their siblings behavior, attitude or emotional reactions even if they don’t intend to. . In society, children are surrounded by many influential models, such as parents within the family, characters on children’sRead MoreAinsworth s Theory Of Attachment1184 Words   |  5 PagesRoxanne Keller Instructor Hira Nair Psychology 0101 Ainsworth’s Theory of Attachment 11/02/2015 Introduction I chose the topic of human attachment because I think it is a beautiful thing to watch. To see an infant so instantly attached to its mother/father. It’s just an amazing thing to see and to experience. In this layout I will briefly explain the attachment theory and its origins as well as how I relate to it. 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Introduction of Policing Free Essays

The duties, functions and responsibilities of local state law enforcement agencies are done by the police department. And this consists of patrolling, administrative, training and technical support. There is also arresting of law violators, performing routine patrol, investigation of crimes, enforcing traffic laws, providing traffic and crowd control at parades, public events and issuing special license and permits. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of Policing or any similar topic only for you Order Now One major thing is upholding the law and preventing crime. And last but not least is to protect and serve our people. The duties, functions and responsibilities of the state law enforcement agencies are done by the Highway patrol mainly. And this consists of dealing with growing crime in non-urban are of the country. This is linked with politics and urban and country corruption. They also provide escort and body guard services to the governor and any other type of governor. They also provide security for the property that they live in. Also look into arson and investigations of homicides. They patrol small towns and state highways, regulate traffic and crimes from crossing the borders of different jurisdiction and prevent crime. And which, the state laws are being enforced. The major differences between Local and state law enforcement agencies are pretty much there jurisdiction, certain crimes that they work on, staffing and support. The local police stay with in their jurisdiction and if for some reasons it becomes a state’s job it is handed over. They also try and prevent any type of overlapping. The three federal law enforcement agencies that I found interesting to talk about are FBI, CIA and the DEA. FBI: Federal Burial of Investigations, Upholds law of the United States, they look at state and local laws and investigates federal crimes and prosecutes within federal law. They also prosecute and investigate fugitives. Also they investigate bombings, mail fraud, kidnapping and serial killers. CIA: The Central Intelligence Agency, national security for the United States which is Presidency protection, special intelligence work including other countries. The CIA pretty much works for the President of The United States. To collect, evaluate and decimate foreign intelligence to assist the president and senior U. S. Government. Also does policy makers in making decisions when it comes to national security. DEA: Drug Enforcement Agency, Enforces the United States governments laws and regulations regarding controlled substances. Responsibilities are to identify arrest and successfully prosecute offenders. Also evolved in investigation of drug trafficking. This was an interesting check point assignment and very educational. How to cite Introduction of Policing, Papers

Prevalence of Globalization and Rapid Advancement

Question: Discuss about the Prevalence of Globalization and Rapid Advancement. Answer: Introduction Prevalence of globalization and rapid advancement in science and technologies has massive impact on the business world. The improved information and communication technologies influence almost all the business activities so that the activities are now more integrated and synchronized. As a result the efficiency of the business is improved as well as it become easier than before (Joshi, Liao, Martocchio, 2011). However, at the same time the competition is radically increased in the business world as due to globalization the market is now open and the big global players use to make entry in the market and competition is increasingly growing for the local business. In this particular scenario, all the business organizations put great effort on developing effectual business policies and marketing strategies, which help the organization in surviving in this cut-throat competitive market. In order to attain additional advantages from this ruthless market the management of the organization s provides effort to develop and implement efficient Human Resources Management (HRM) strategies, which help the organization in recruiting, training as well as deploying the human resources of the organization in appropriate way. Besides this, management provides effort in developing suitable design for the organization, in developing accurate culture and ethics within the organization and develops a behavioral pattern within the organization (Martocchio, 2007). Apart from this, the human resource management of the organization provides great emphasis on their employees so that develop strategies to improve the performance of their employees, owing to this several performance management strategies has been developed and implemented, different types of motivational therapies has been adopted so that the performance of the employees can be improved and the maximum output from the workforce of the organization has been achieved. Besides this, companies use to take several important po licies in order to retain their efficient workers within the organization such by improving their remuneration or giving them promotion. Apart from this the succession planning for the future growth and development is also a necessary objective of the management (Martocchio Ferris, 2003). Moreover, as the mining organizations are hardcore business organization thus, for successful running of the organization need to implement effective strategies that help in maintain the growth and development of the company. Case One The motivation of employees is the key success factor for challenging and innovative organization. The performance of organization includes productivity, profitability, customer satisfaction and marketing effectiveness. The performance management helps to motivate the employees towards their goal. It includes planning, learning, succession planning, measuring, compensation, career development and reporting. Organizations are focusing on developing, motivating and increasing the performance of the employees (Aguinis, 2009). Performance management ensures employees are focusing on their work that contributes to the achievement of the goals of the organization. Managers and supervisors are responsible to manage the performance of the employees. The management department should implement management practices in order to motivate the employees to achieve their targets. An efficient performance management supports the motivation through clear objective setting process, feedback provided by the managers and with the help of strong management system (Cook, 2003). Motivation is commonly affected if the employees do not see actions on the low performers in team. The managers can guide their decision making process with the help of performance management as it motivate the employees to achieve their goals. A trustful and efficient performance management system cannot be achieved without appropriate performance standards. The HR department has to define the requirements for the job positions within the organization (Curseu, 2015). Managers and HR have to prepare fair and balanced requirements system. The employees have to meet the quantitative as well as qualitative criteria. The expectations of the managers can be determined from the set standards. The performance standards that are not met by the employees cannot expect any recognition and rewards in the organization. The managers can take action if t he the set standards are not met by the employees. The performance sta ndards can be seen by everyone and it is expected to achieve the standard level for the specific job position. The employees within the organization can be motivated if they see action on the low performers in team(Das, 2003). The managers and team leader should constantly work with the high as well as low performers. The low performers should be guided appropriately in order to achieve the goals of the organization and their performance can be improved in a short period of time. The managers should distinguish between the low performers and high performance in order to plan the work appropriately. The performance management helps the managers to determine low performers who perform low permanently in the team. The managers should determine and evaluate the basic rules and regulations of the performance management within the organization. The low performers should be provided one or two chances to improve their performance (Maņºlanka-Wieczorek, 2014). They should be provided training and education that will help them to achieve the performance standards. All the employees should understand the importance of performance standard and setting their goal on the basis of the set standard. Managers have to be supported and educated by the human resources. Human resource manager prepares training courses that is evaluated from the performance management system. Discussions and meetings should be conducted to discuss on the topic about motivating employees and implementing performance management within the organization. Therefore, motivation can be supported strongly by the p erformance management system within the organization (Mitchell, 2007). The mangers should be trained with the low performers and high performers. The managers plays significant role in identifying the main causes and reasons for the low performance. The satisfaction of employees is very much important that should be focused by the managers while executing their tasks. It is one of the most important targets of the managers to motivate employees and determining the needs of the employees (PeÃÅ' rotin and Robinson, 2004). Expectations and demand of the employees are compared to their performance as well as guiding their goals on the basis of that. The performance management improves the performance of the organization by improving individual and team performance as well as clarifying the expectations of the teams. The main purpose of the performance management system is to develop competencies and skills of the individuals, providing tool for the managers to manage the employees p erformance and allowing the employees to become actively involved to manage their performance. The managers can take important decisions on the basis of the performance management. The performance of the employees will help to provide direction to the managers to prepare the goals of the tasks. Performance management also helps the managers to implement the framework of SMART goals which means the targets should be specific, measurable, achievable, result oriented and time bound. The preparation of the goals will be on the basis of SMART objectives. The planning, organizing, directing and controlling the task objectives is very much important which can be achieved with the help of the appropriate process (Van Dooren, 2011). The decision making process is considered as one of the most important step while achieving the goals of the organization. Therefore, the decisions can be taken by the managers with the help of performance management which motivates the employees to achieve their goals. The employees should perform their tasks as per the set standards and performing at thei r level best on the basis of the guidance given the managers. Performance management imposes vital impact on the performance of the employees that should be understood by the managers. Therefore, the expectations should be set for the employees and motivating the employees towards their goals. Case two The Mining Co consists of a problem that is related to the migration of the workers and the labours for the economical crisis. The migration of the staffs of the company lags the company in the competitive market and henceforth the rotation of the staffs creates a negative impact on the workers of the company with hampering the production of the company. The economic crisis in Greece has been created with the impact of the presence of the ISIS in the Middle East and thereby it results in leaving of the senior executives from the job. Henceforth the recommendations are provided as per the board and as a result the impact can be neglected with neglecting the curbs that are formed (Mitsakis, 2014). There are different recommendations which are vividly described below with the explanations for the expansion of the growth of the company and also helps in neglecting the issues that are caused which are as follows:- First of all appropriate definition of the vision must be created which helps in the creation of the road maps for the employees and thereby it also helps in the creation of the twist and the turns for the achievement of the vision. It also helps in the enhancement of the vision and also motivates the employees to achieve the prefixed destination with fixing the goals and the objectives of the vision (BoveÃÅ' e Thill, 2000). Secondly, identification of the needs and the wants of the employees must be done for the further satisfaction of the wishes of the employees. It also provides the mental satisfaction to the employees and also helps them to provide the utmost effort in their work. With the provision of the better technological tools and the support from their supervisors the employees gets satisfied with the enhancement of the skills and also it helps in the increment of the productivity for the company Mining Co. Appropriate communication must be executed for the creation of the fr5iendly environment in between the employees of the organisation. Lacking of this skill it also helps in the creation of differentiation in between the employees and the staffs or the supervisors of the company (Gerson Gerson, 2007). Training sessions, memos and the newsletters must be provided to the labours for the enhancement of their working skills and thereby helps in the increment of the productivity of the organisation or the company. The most important part is the communication of the managers with the other staffs or the labours that also focuses on the productivity of the company. The better the communication process executed by the managers, the more the growth of the employees takes place which helps the company to stand by in the competitive market with the enhancements of its productivity. With the engagement of everyone in the particular work, creates the way for the enhancement of the appropriate decision making process and thereby creates the growth in the planning and the decision making process (KontiadeÃÅ'„s, 2013). It thereby helps in the enhancement of the work and also discards the fighting or the clash between the employees about the particular work. With the variation of the ideas, the attempt of selection of the best plan comes out which helps to succeed the work in between the prefixed time period. Coaching for success and the random creation of the practices helps in the generation of the acts of the kindness. Feedbacks are very much crucial for the enhancement of the growth of the work and the also are seemed to be a part of reviewing the productivity, effectiveness of the employees. Positive feedback helps in the process of the encouragement for the employees working in the company or the organisation. Therefore it also helps in the determining the efficiency, effectiveness and the performance of the employees with the enhancement of the growth of the productivity (Nezi, 2012). The negative feedback provides the opportunity for the purpose of the rectification of the employees and thereby it also helps in the enhancement of the growth of employees. Creation of the trust, acting fairly and providing respects are the most important things for the creation of the judgement for the company. It thereby helps in the enhancement of the problems that are seemed to be requisite for the creation of the proper judgement with the consideration of the appropriate trust. It also helps in the apologising the mistakes undertaken due to the admitting of the wrong deeds that are done by the employees (Rojko, Lesjak, uteriÄ , 2015). With the creation of fun in the work time energizes the employees and also motivates the employees for the creation of the appropriate work with the provision of the relaxation period in between the work time. It is one of the best processes for the creation of the observation in between the workers and henceforth the judgement can be made accordingly (Riccoboni, Callaghan, Riccoboni, 2012). Paying special attention to the high potential employees helps in creation of the appropriate futuristic outputs for the company and thereby it also helps in the engagement of the special training for the development of their skills. Implementation of the incentives with avoiding the downsizing helps the employer to give effort in the work and thereby it also helps in the reduction of the costs of the productions and it also helps in the enhancement of the capacity of the work. The implementation of the incentives facilitates the employees with the increment of the motivation and the performance significantly seemed to be improved (The Lancet, 2005). Case three The crisis management is one of the most important aspects of the business organizations, specially for the organizations like mining as there are probabilities of accidents are use to be very high because the mining is a accident prone organization. Therefore, in order to combat with the crisis a team must be made, which always ready for the crisis. If there is any gap in the talent or skill within the team then it will be problematic as owing to the skill gap the synchronization among the team cannot be possible or it cannot be synchronized adequately. As a result the desired result cannot be achieved from the team. Therefore, the required training and learning session must be organized time to time to reduce the talent or skill gap among the crisis management team of the mining organization ("Business Continuity Management. A Crisis Management Approach", 2003). In order to create the crisis management team, a proper plan is needed to select the proper candidates for the team so th at the selection criteria should be stringent as well as it must be efficient so that the most eligible candidates only get a chance to serve this crisis management team (Nel, 2011). The team should be of a proper format a proper hierarchy, where the some leaders, who are expert in different fields, will manage their subordinate team. The team will always be ready for the crisis and the team should have capability and efficiency so that they can minimize the risk in order combat with the crisis. The team will handle the crisis and keep away the crisis from the company. The team will be rewarded on their success when the team successfully battle with the crisis, and win over the crisis, the team will be awarded from the management of the organization so that they will be encouraged to do more dreadful job at the time requirement. Besides this, those from the team will give the better performance will be specially rewarded so that the confidence of the team will be improved and they e ncourage to put extra effort to minimize the impact of the crisis on the organization (Rothwell Kazanas, 2003). The members of the crisis management team should have adequate knowledge of the crisis management; the latest techniques use to combat with crisis as well as al aspect all features of crisis management so that in the time of crisis they can help to minimize the crisis and the crisis can be overcome successfully. Conclusion recommendation The performance management initiatives help in minimizing the issue which hinders the organization to obtain optimum performance from the employees (Ryakhovskaya, 2014). Thus, with the help of effective performance management strategies and motivational plans, the performance of the workforce can be improved substantially so that the productivity of the workforce and well as the mining organization will be improved considerably so that the profitability of the organization is also improved. In order to motivate the workforce the management arranges several different types of reward program (Ushanov, 2015). The workers will get the monitory benefits as a reward, which encourage the workers to provide much better performances to the organizations. Besides this, recognition and promotion can improve their performance; they can be awarded with a vacation in any exciting sites, which also help in improving the motivation of the organization. The economic crisis as well as the political si tuation of Middle East can be handled by effective policies. The economic crisis can be minimized by efficient fund allocations that help in carrying out the necessary business activities of each of the mining sites. As well as by substantial improvement in security for the Middle East workers and subsequently their remuneration increment as well as other financial and non financial benefits help to retain the employees who work in the Middle East site of the mining organization (Yurieva, 2014). Apart from this the efficient recruitment of the crisis management team helps the company to minimize the crisis. The human resources management policies and strategies help in minimizing crisis. By effective reward system the optimum performance from the crisis team can be obtain that help in minimizing the crisis. References Business Continuity Management. A Crisis Management Approach. (2003).J Contingencies Crisis Man,11(1), 47-48. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.11010081 Joshi, A., Liao, H., Martocchio, J. (2011).Research in personnel and human resources management. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Martocchio, J. (2007).Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Martocchio, J. Ferris, G. (2003).Research in personnel and human resources management. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Nel, P. (2011).Human resources management. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Rothwell, W. Kazanas, H. (2003).Planning and managing human resources. Amherst, Mass.: HRD Press. Ryakhovskaya, A. (2014). Transformation of crisis management in crisis-management business.Jour, (2), 102. https://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2011-2-102-107 Ushanov, P. (2015). Crisis Management As A New Management Paradigm.Jour, (1), 66. https://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2010-1-66-79 Yurieva, à Ã‚ ¢. (2014). Crisis Management And Project Approach.Jour, (5), 74. https://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2013-5-74-78 Aguinis, H. (2009).Performance management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Cook, J. (2003).Performance management. Rochester, MN: IBM International Technical Support Organization. Curseu, P. (2015). Team Performance Management 2014.Team Performance Management, 21(1/2). Das, H. (2003).Performance management. Toronto: Prentice Hall. Maņºlanka-Wieczorek, B. (2014). Talent management and high performance work system.JOIS, 7(1), pp.102-108. Mitchell, D. (2007).Performance management. Chandni Chowk, Delhi: Global Media. PeÃÅ' rotin, V. and Robinson, A. (2004).Employee participation, firm performance and survival. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Van Dooren, W. (2011). Better Performance Management.Public Performance Management Review, 34(3), pp.420-433. BoveÃÅ' e, C. Thill, J. (2000).Business communication today. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Gerson, S. Gerson, S. (2007).Workplace communication. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. KontiadeÃÅ'„s, X. (2013).Constitutions in the global financial crisis. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. Mitsakis, F. (2014). The Impact of Economic Crisis in Greece: Key Facts and an Overview of the Banking Sector.Business And Economic Research,4(1), 250. https://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v4i1.5515 Nezi, R. (2012). Economic voting under the economic crisis: Evidence from Greece.Electoral Studies,31(3), 498-505. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2012.02.007 Riccoboni, A., Callaghan, D., Riccoboni, A. (2012).The art of selling yourself. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin. Rojko, K., Lesjak, D., uteriÄ , J. (2015). Information and communication technology spending and the latest (2008-) economic crisis.IJSE,7(4), 306. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijse.2015.072195 The Lancet,. (2005). Migration of health workers: an unmanaged crisis.The Lancet,365(9474), 1825. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66592-0

Starbucks Companys Information Systems and Control Measures

Is the current system capable of providing Starbucks with sufficient feedback on implementation of activities that influence the performance of the company? Today, information technology has provided organizations with opportunities to increase their productivity. The growth of information technology has provided managers with ways of regulating the operations that their organizations undertake. For example, when Starbucks incorporated information systems into its operations, it managed to regulate its operations in an efficient manner. Today, Starbucks uses business intelligence software to help it plan, control, lead and organize its employees in appropriately.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Company’s Information Systems and Control Measures specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, the company uses a customer relationship and database management system to help it respond to the needs and wan ts of is customers in a timely manner. In this perspective therefore, it is true that the current information systems that Starbucks has implemented have helped it to provide sufficient feedback on the implementation of activities that influence the performance of the organization. The information systems that Starbucks has adopted allow it to identify strategic factors that can improve its performance thus increasing its competitiveness in the market. Therefore, it is true that the performance results of Starbucks are influenced by the projects that it undertakes. This is because they have helped the company to respond to the needs of its customers in an efficient manner thus increasing its competitiveness and profitability in the market. In order for Starbucks to emerge successful in the market, it implemented a benchmarking strategy. In this case, the company copied the strategies that other companies in the market. Today, the company focuses on becoming the most trusted brand in the coffee market. Moreover, the company has attacked the challenges that are limiting its growth in some countries. The company is also focusing on ways in which it can reduce its costs of operation and improve the quality of products that it offers to its consumers thus boosting its competitiveness in the market. Are adequate control measures in place to ensure conformance with the recommended strategic plan? Every organization should adopt a strategic plan to help it cope with changing business environment. In this case, a business should adopt adequate control measures to help it conform to the recommended strategic plan. In this case, Starbucks has adopted many control measures which have allowed it to conform to its strategic plans. For example, Starbucks applies high standards of excellence in order to facilitate the purchase and delivery of fresh coffee. In this case, the company is able to provide its customers with high quality coffee. Financial stability plays a vital ro le in terms of allowing Starbucks to remain profitable in the market. As a result, Starbucks has implemented a financial control strategy in order to ensure that funds are used appropriately. Rewards act as powerful motivational tools in an organization. As a result, Starbucks lays more emphasis on its employees. When employees are treated well, they are able to treat customers fairly. As a result, Starbucks provides its employees with healthcare benefits and stock options.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This has made Starbucks to be classified as an employer of choice in various parts of the world. Today, the competitiveness of Starbucks is attributed to the employee reward system that is has implemented. Therefore, the employee reward system in the company has allowed it to improve its performance in the market significantly. This essay on Starbucks Company’s Information Systems and Control Measures was written and submitted by user Kayson Floyd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Emily Dickinson.

Emily Dickinson. On December 10, 1830, late, near midnight, one of America?s most famous poets was born. Emily Elizabeth Dickinson, the second child of the prominent Edward Dickinson and his wife, also named Emily. The first child was Emily?s older brother Austin. Later to be born was her sister Lavinia or ?Veeny? as they liked to call her. Emily and her siblings were all born in the Homestead in the small, quiet town of Amherst, Massachusetts. In the 1800?s Massachusetts was quite puritanical and because of this Edward Dickinson raised his children in the strict, Christian tradition. As Emily got older she began to challenge her father?s and the church?s beliefs. Some think that this was what made her poetry so strong.Dickinson showed signs of originality and brilliancy in her writing, even as a child. It has been said that ?she dazzled her teachers.? Her writings were always unique and different from anything her teachers had seen before.English: Daguerreotype of the poet Emily Dickinson...Though s he was definitely intelligent, she didn?t let that stop her from spending time with Austin and Veeny, whom she loved very much.Emily Dickinson always cared deeply for her friends as well as her family. During her one year at Mount Holyoke Female Seminary she frequently corresponded with a good number of them. In her letters she showed a lot of her tendencies. Such tendencies as her preference of privacy over society, the pride in her witty writing, and the love for her close circle of friends and family were all evident. Once Dickinson returned from Mount Holyoke, she became more and more recluse, spending most of her time at the Homestead. A few years later, in 1858 she started writing poetry.Emily Dickinson is very well known for her imaginative poetry. Her poetry is completely different from what was being written...

John Constable and the Romantic Landscape Painters Essay

John Constable and the Romantic Landscape Painters - Essay Example Friedrich is acknowledged as the prototypical German Romantic painter. His most renowned painting was without doubt his Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog magnum opus, which gives a representation of a personality in the forefront looking out over an extensive landscape enclosed by a sea of billows, with a range of mounts on show at the farthest away point from the character (Wilkins, Schultz & Linduff 145). Turner constantly wanted to communicate moods of light as well as colors by softening the structures of natural things, while Constable demonstrated things as they were in reality with his imprecise manner of painting. Some landscape paintings by Turner nearly challenge Constable in their novelty, particularly when the older paintings of Constable are measured up to to Turner’s Venice landscape paintings. In Turner's paintings, one can distinguish the early stages of Early Impressionism. Constable had a grand, cosmic apparition, dissimilar from that of Turner, except no less pa ssionate. Constable and Turner had the capacity to put across their individual feelings for the essential forces of the natural world, for the controlling effervescence of the existing landscape. Friedrich is best acknowledged for his mid-period figurative landscapes that characteristically feature contemplative characters silhouetted against nighttime skies, morning fog, barren foliage or Gothic remains. Friedrich’s primary importance as an artiste was the deliberation of natural history, in addition to his habitually emblematic, and anti-classical effort seeks to put into words a prejudiced, expressive response to nature (Wilkins, Schultz & Linduff 167). Constable attempts to give a comprehensible explanation of landscape; he scrutinizes nature, came up with sketches which were accomplished in studio. On the other hand, Turner shows a complete suspension of things, but he by no means, had that lack of involvement from outwards actuality that is currently called abstract. Co nstable wants to confirm precise ambiance of landscape and attempts to articulate the end product of weather, shifting light, and activities of clouds. Turner sets up precedence on disposition of colors, and solitary elements are revealed only by colors that make the entire painting an atmospheric observable fact by light, as well as color. Friedrich has a general advance to his art of illustrating small personalities in the forefront of a great countryside panorama, which would facilitate the artist to communicate the thought of outlook through the assessment amid the forefront and backdrop elements. He hardly ever portrays individuals in his paintings, except for highlighting nature's enormity. When figures come into view in his paintings, the figures plunk with their backside to the observers, lost in meditation (Wilkins, Schultz & Linduff 198). Constable’s time without end & immensity visualize the authentic fundamental nature of things. Turner in his paintings leaves eve rything in uncertainty apart from the positive subsistence of color. Constable summarizes well-known particulars of the countryside and linked them to thoughts of the natural world with human beings, animal and landscape linked in the original agreement. Turner has much assortment of landscape style amid previous and later works. This is Italian approach with bright colors on one side, and direct thought of the viciousness of the natural w

E portfolio assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E portfolio assignment - Essay Example Accordingly, skulls are divided into three categories. The mammals like sheep, pigs, cows and horses have non-primate skulls. Baboon, Gorilla and Chimpanzee belongs to non-human primate skulls. The third category, called hominid skulls details the shape, size and other known parameters of human skulls.(NS 201, p87) The study of historical components of life within the scope of Biology relates to biodiversity. In addition, the recent space research results have aroused the interest of many scientists to study the possibility of existence of life, in planets beyond earth, like Mars, Saturn or some moons of Jupiter. Such studies are called â€Å"exo-biology†.(NS 201, p34) Many species of animals and human beings have common characteristics in their structures that show the similarities of their organisms. Accordingly, Homology relates to studies in this direction. For example, many similarities are found in the structure of human skeleton and that of a chimpanzee. Many animals from a common ancessetor inherit the basic vertebrate â€Å"body plan†, although they may have distantly related organisms. Such animals have homologous skeleton structures.(NS 201, p51) According to Darwin, natural selections are slow and dependant on the environmental changes. Hence, these may not be observable during the lifetime of any scientist. Accordingly, these mechanisms are studied with the help of simulations, using different methods like directional, stabilizing and disruptive selection models.(NS 201,

Different Ways in Collecting Physical Evidence Assignment

Different Ways in Collecting Physical Evidence - Assignment Example Introduction The process of collecting, packaging and preserving the evidence is a key function of the crime scene team in ensuring that the crime investigators have all the necessary materials for not only finding out the exact details of how a crime was committed but also linking the crime to the correct offenders and thereafter to be able to present all this evidence in a way that assures that the correct offenders are prosecuted. There are certain set and standard ways of collecting, packaging and preserving this evidence and these have to be followed to the letter. It is of paramount importance that the evidence does not suffer any deterioration, damage or contamination that may render it unusable, unreliable or questionable. The collection and documentation of physical evidence is thus one of the most important functions in law enforcement. 1. There are many different types of physical evidence that is collected and gathered at a crime scene. ... Another type of physical evidence is biological matter. This includes bodily fluids such as blood and semen. Yet another type of physical evidence is drug evidence. Drugs or controlled substances are usually put in a class of their own when it comes to physical evidence because of the specific types of analysis that they have to undergo to determine their exact nature, purity and quality. Drugs are also secured in a special way because of their value and the fact they are strictly controlled materials ( . 2. One prime example of physical evidence is fingerprints. Fingerprints are particular to a particular individual and the presence of a set of a person’s fingerprints at a crime scene is usually very definitive evidence placing the person at that particular crime scene. Fingerprints, especially where they are clear and complete are usually conclusive evidence of a person touching a surface and thus being physically there. Another example of physical evidence is blood especial ly when the crime scene includes the injury or death of a person. The evidence of blood determines the nature and scope of a victim’s injuries. The spread and the splatter of the blood at a crime scene indicate the way the injury that resulted in the loss of blood was inflicted. Trails of blood could also indicate how a victim or a body was dragged or moved either to or from a crime scene. A third example of physical evidence is fibers or pieces of clothing materials that are found on a victim. The nature and state of these fibers- if they are torn in particular way or how many they are would determine if there was a struggle or fight that went on at the crime scene.

Diagnosing Co-Morbid Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)

Diagnosing Co-Morbid Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) What do the following have in common: alcoholism, obesity, smoking, drug abuse and compulsive gambling? Until recently, there were thought of as relatively independent and separate problem areas. Psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and other mental health professionals have previously specialised in the treatment of one of these behaviours, but few had attempted to extend their therapy and research efforts to cover more than one or two of these disorders. As well as their expertise, specialists in these areas have not worked in concert with one another, or communicated with each other about treatment and research issues. However, several changes have been induced in recent times with the concept of addictive behaviours, and this has led to possible commonalities among these seemingly diverse problems. There is also the increased awareness that workers in each of these areas have much to learn from one another, and that there may be significant and instructive similarities i n aetiology, process and treatment. The interesting similarity among the above mentioned problems has collectively come to be known as additive behaviours. According to Miller (1980) addictive behaviours involve some form of indulgence for short-term pleasure of satisfaction at the expense of longer-term adverse effects. The various substance abuse disorders all involve significant health risks as various chronic diseases. There are enormous social costs of addictive behaviours, both in personal expenditures as non-essentials and costs to the public as health care, crime control etc. The following essay aims to critically review DSM-IV guidelines for diagnosing co morbid substance use disorders (SUDs), the factors that undermine definitive diagnosis of co morbid disorders, and the potential diagnostic changes that could address these issues. In particular this essay shall examine alcoholism which is one form of substance abuse. Attempts shall also be made to investigate the types of research that would act as a support for the criteria and guidelines for diagnosing SUDs and psychosis. Substance use disorder is caused due to psychoactive drug use and may be referred to as a condition arising from the abuse of alcohol and psychoactive drugs. Alcohol and other substances can have varied physiological and psychological effects. Although the effects of alcohol and drug consumption may appear as desirable, prolonged and heavy usage may result in physical harm, dependency and withdrawal problems and long term psychological damage or social harm. For the diagnosis of patients with co morbid psychotic symptoms and substance use disorders (SUDs) the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. (DSM-IV), makes clear distinctions between independent psychotic disorders (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) and substance-induced syndromes (delirium, dementia etc.). Most substance-induced psychotic symptoms are considered to be short lived and that it subsides with sustained abstinence along with other symptoms of substance intoxication and withdrawal. One of the m ost frequent situations in psychiatric diagnosis are challenges posed by patients who experience the onset of psychotic symptoms during episodes of current or recent psychoactive substance use (Rosenthal Miner, 1997). All major categories of non-organic psychotic disorders in DSM-IV have an exclusion criterion for symptoms that are not caused due to the direct physiological effects of a substance. For patients with SUDs, psychotic disorders can be diagnosed as either independent or having one of the many substance-induced mental disorders. Psychosis forms a feature of this categorisation. When changes occur relating to the pharmacological effects of different categories of substances, the symptoms include – acute intoxication, intoxication delirium, withdrawal, substance-induced psychotic disorder with hallucinations etc (caused due to the use of substances such as, alcohol, stimulants etc.). The only exception is for alcohol-induced pathological dementia. All other substance-induced psychotic mental disorders are considered as time limited (Rounsaville, 2007). Alcohol dependence syndrome according to DSM-IV (APA,1994), is characterised by the presence of three or more of the following symptoms – a strong compulsion to drink; difficulty in controlling either the onset or termination of drinking or the levels of alcohol use; a physiological withdrawal state on the stopping of alcohol consumption or the use of alcohol to avoid withdrawal symptoms; increasing tolerance to alcohol (i.e. the need to consume larger quantities of alcohol to achieve a similar effect as produced originally from smaller amounts); digressive neglect of other interests; and persisting use of alcohol despite awareness of the harmful effects from consumption. Alcohol-related psychosis is a secondary psychosis with hallucinations occurring as the predominating feature in many alcohol-related conditions. These include but are not limited to acute intoxication; withdrawal, after a major decrease in alcohol consumption, and alcohol idiosyncratic intoxication. According to Larson (2008), alcohol is a neurotoxin that affects the brain in a complex manner through prolonged exposure and repeated withdrawal. This results in significant morbidity and mortality. Larson further argues that, alcohol-related psychosis is often an indication of chronic alcoholism. As such, it is associated with medical, neurological, and psychosocial complications. The discontinuation of alcohol rapidly clears alcohol-related psychosis but may continue on later alcohol related exposure. Although distinguishing alcohol-related psychosis from schizophrenia through clinical presentation often is difficult, the general consensus is that alcohol-related psychosis suspends wi th abstinence, unlike schizophrenia. Larson (2008) has also noted that, alcohol-related psychosis lacks the in-depth research needed to understand its pathophysiology, demographics, characteristics, and treatment when compared to alcoholism. According to Rassool (2006) psychoactive drugs are substances which have an effect on the central nervous, as they alter mood, cognitive processes and behaviour. Rassool (2006), states that, the uses of psychoactive drugs are considered illegitimate depending on the social customs and laws of different cultures and societies. In most societies, no adjustments are made in the interest of the use and misuse of tranquilisers, heroine, volatile substances, and stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine. Legal drugs such as alcohol, caffeine and nicotine are used as a social lubricant and as self-medication, as a means to relieve tensions and anxieties of everyday life. They are also used as a mechanism to ease social intercourse. He further agues that, although there is an increased risk of morbidity and morality, alcohol is actively encouraged and socially reinforced in some societies. There have also been observations that consumption levels are on the rise in most countries and hence , statistics have been obtained for the UK to demonstrate this fact below. According to the NHS Information Centre (2009), an estimated 863,000 alcohol related admission in hospital in 2007/08. This is an increase of 69% since 2002/03 when the alcohol related admission was at 510,200. The statistics bulletin further states that, in England in 2007, the number of individuals who were on prescription items for the treatment of alcohol dependency were 134,429. These were prescriptions that were dispensed in primary care settings or NHS hospitals and those dispensed in the community. This shows a marked difference since 2003 when there were 102,741 prescription items (an increase by 31%). Further findings from the bulletin indicate that, there were 6,541 deaths in England in 2007, and these were directly related to alcohol (an increase by 19% since 2001). Of these alcohol related deaths, majority of the individuals died from alcoholic liver disease (estimate of 4,249). Alcohol misuse related harm is estimated to cost the NHS in England approx. Â £2.7 billion i n 2006/07. As an attempt to ensure a moderately even account of the statistics on alcohol misuse in UK, the Audit Scotland report has been reviewed and provides further evidence of Scotlands growing problem with drug and alcohol misuse. The Audit Scotland (2009) report presents that Scotland has a higher level of drug and alcohol misuse compared to the rest of the UK. According to the report, the levels of alcohol dependency are three times higher than that of England. The report states that estimating the size of Scotlands alcohol problem is not accurate due to lack of national data and under-reporting of consumption. Based from findings from the Office of National Statistics (2002), an estimated 4.9% of the population in Scotland aged 16 and over are dependant of alcohol. The higher prevalence of alcohol dependency is Scotland has been argued to be found due to high rates of alcohol dependency in Scottish women. There were 42,430 discharges from acute general hospitals with an alcohol-related diagnosis in 2007/08. When compared to statistics from the past five years, there has been an increase by 5% in discharge rates (Alcohol Statistics Scotland, 2008). In Scotland, 11% of all accident and emergency attendances are considered to be as a result of alcohol. The busiest time of alcohol-related attendances are recorded as Friday night of Saturday morning ranging between midnight and four in the morning (NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, 2006). Scotland has the highest alcohol-related death rate in the UK with 1,399 alcohol-related deaths in 2007. This is a 75% increase over ten years and over 100% increase over fifteen years (General Register Office for Scotland, 2009). A report from Strathclyde Police in 2007 showed that between April 2006 and March 2007, two-thirds of those in custody at three Glasgow police stations were for violent offending under the influence of alcohol. The reasons for highlighting the statistics on alcohol misuse in UK as well detailed statistics from Scotland is not just to emphasise the ever growing alcohol and drug consumption in the country, but also to understand the common co-occurring psychiatric disorders related with the misuse of these substances. The recent recognition of this co morbidity can be attributed to a number of reasons. Abou-Saleh Janac (2004), state that, the development of drug abuse services was separate from that of the development of general psychiatric services, with little interference between them. Furthermore, the move from hospitals to community care of individuals with severe mental disorders has exposed these individuals to the risk of developing alcohol and drug problems, thereby merely heightening their psychopathology and disability. There is also the high risk of self-harm not just to individuals who are within general psychiatric services, but also those with severe personality disorders with in addiction services. A number of etiological models for co morbidity have been introduced in research. These include – common factor models, secondary substance misuse models, and secondary psychiatric illness models (Mueser, Bellack Blanchard, 1998). According to Mueser et al (1998), the common factors models include common genetic factors and antisocial personality disorder. However, Abou-Saleh Janac (2004) argue that studies have not supported the existence of a common genetic factor in the causation of substance misuse and psychiatric disorders. At the same time, the presence of antisocial personality disorder was shown to be a common factor in substance misuse. They further go on to argue that, patients with sever mental illness and antisocial personality disorder are morel likely to have substance misuse than those with no antisocial personality disorder. Adversity in childhood can seem omnipresent in patients with alcohol misuse who are co morbid with psychiatric conditions. A study condu cted by Langeland, Dralijer Van der Brink (2004), found that childhood detrimental influences such as early loss of a parent, witnessing domestic violence and parental alcoholism, exemplified as variations in types of co morbid psychiatric disorders in men with alcohol dependence. A further study by Mueser et al (2000), in a cohort study involving 325 patients with co morbid psychiatric disorder and substance misuse distinguished the predictors of co morbidity as male, young age, lacking education, involved in criminal activity, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Secondary substance misuse models include those of self-medication, alleviation of depression, and super sensitivity. Abou-Saleh Janac (2004), further state that the self-medication model depict psychiatric patients as using specific substances to alleviate specific symptoms. However, this argument has not been supported and psychiatric patients who use alcohol or drugs have worse outcomes. As depression can be associated with a general proneness to addiction and not the use of a specific substance, the alleviation of depression model is more acceptable. According to the super sensitivity model, patients with severe mental illnesses react in a highly sensitive manner to low doses of alcohol and drugs, in particular amphetamines leading to a hasty relapse in the individuals illness. The secondary psychiatric illness model alcohol and drug use disorders are viewed as causing the co morbid mental disorder (Abou-Saleh Janac, 2004). An interesting note about the above stated models is t hat, causality is one-directional. In clinical practice, substance abuse may form both a cause and a consequence of another mental disorder. A mental disorder at the same time may be both a cause and a consequence of substance abuse, thereby creating a vicious circle. In individual cases, multiple pathways of association between substance abuse and other mental disorders may act simultaneously in both directions. A review of certain factors (bio physiological and genetic, socio cultural and psychodynamic) as well as a detailed review of other models (social learning and behavioural) which all put together helps formulate what is known and thought about why human beings come to abuse themselves by abusing alcohol. When split apart, each model explains a part of every abusers problem, together they provide a comprehensive etiological perspective. According to Miller (1980), one of the most obstinate theories of the bio physiological model of alcoholism is that alcoholics and non-alcoholics differ in the rate at which they metabolise alcohol. Identifying such a difference would suggest that the etiological factor resides in the rate-limiting mechanisms involved in the metabolism of ethanol. However, no metabolic studies of alcoholism indicate the existence of such a rate difference (given that the alcohol consumption is kept constant) (Mello Mendelson, 1978). Charles Lieber, claims that alcohol ics have two metabolic routes by which they break down alcohol while non-alcoholics have one (Korsten Lieber, 1979). According to this theory, alcoholics metabolise alcohol differently from non-alcoholics and thus gain the capacity to consume larger amounts of alcohol for longer periods of time than non-alcoholics. Even if such proof were available, there still lie the important roles of environmental, behavioural and socio-cultural factors in alcoholism. Numerous studies have been carried out, suggesting that alcoholism runs in families (Goodwin, 1979). Evidence that genetic factors play an important role in the development of alcoholism has been derived from twin studies, family studies, adoption studies, observations of ethnic differences, and studies of biological risk factors (Goodwin 1979, 1985). Studies of monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins generally suggest that there is some degree of heritability in the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumed (Schuckit 1987). Monozygotic twin pairs also tend to show a significantly higher level of concordance compared with dizygotic twin pairs (Schuckit 1987; Agarwal and Goedde 1990). Family studies indicate that approximately 40% of alcoholics have an alcoholic parent (Institute of Medicine 1987), and that the alcoholism rate is significantly higher in relatives of alcoholics than in relatives of non alcoholics (Cotton, 1979; Guze et al, 1986). Alcoholics with a fami ly history of alcoholism tend to begin drinking earlier in life. They also tend to have more alcohol-related problems than those alcoholics without a family history of alcoholism (Cloninger et al. 1981). These data, taken together, suggest that there may well be a genetic component to alcoholism, though its extent and influence of inheritance is not a simple one, as both genetic and environmental factors may be involved (McNeece DiNitto, 2005). The pharmacology and physiology of physical dependence and tolerance to the drugs of abuse continue to be explored, but this model alone cannot adequately define alcoholism. As mentioned earlier, cultural patterns have a profound impact on drinking and rates of alcoholism. Miller (1980), states that although cultural influences can predispose a person to alcoholism, social variables play a major role in translating that predisposition to actual addiction. He further states that cultural influences can operate to maintain alcoholic drinking. For e.g. peer pressure, has a powerful influence on the development of deviant drinking among adolescents (Jessor Jessor, 1975). Social historians have argued that the pervasiveness of social setting-related influences on persons to drink heavily (Zinberg Fraser, 1979). Psychoanalysts explain alcoholism in several ways. Alcoholism is seen by some psychoanalysts as fundamentally suicidal, trying to destroy bad, depriving mothers with whom the person has identified with. Others claim that alcoholics are defining themselves against underlying depression by drinking to oblivion (Williams, 1976). Critics of the psychoanalytic approach to alcoholism, argue that there is no empirical data to support these hypotheses. They also argue that psychoanalysis does not help alcoholics who seek treatment (Schuckit Haglund, 1977). Dynamic theories of drug addiction, describe the addict as a person whose habit represents a return to the oral stage of psychosexual development. As such, dependency needs being paramount, the addict is frustrated with their inability to derive satisfaction of these needs. Inability to meet their oral dependency needs in more appropriate ways, leads the addicts to use drugs or alcohol to obtain gratification. Although the complex psychoa nalytic theory has been simplified to a great extent, it has relatively little impact on the prevailing views of aetiology and treatment. The cognitive behavioural approach views any type of psychopathology as a maladaptive learning process. As such, the central goal of cognitive behavioural approaches is to design techniques through which maladaptive responses can be disentangled and replaced with adaptive responses. The first behavioural explanation for alcoholism was that of tension-reduction. Tension-reduction is based on the hypothesis that, alcohol appears to reduce anxiety. Hence, alcohol is presumed to reinforce drinking by alcoholics. Empirical support for the theory came from earlier studies of experimentally-induced conflict in animals (Conger, 1951, 1956; Masserman Yum, 1946). However, tension reduction has not received universal support (Cappell Herman, 1972; Brown Crowell, 1974). The behavioural effects of alcohol involve a complex interaction of factors. The expectations an individual holds about alcohol effects their behaviour (Pliner Cappell, 1974). Expectancies themselves are complex because it is based on belief systems, prior drinking experiences, the immediate social and physical setting of drinking, dosage levels etc. Such complexity suggests that the potential reinforcing capabilities of alcohol remain uncertain. The social learning model views alcohol and drug abuse as socially acquired, learned behaviour patters that are maintained by numerous anticipatory causes (classical conditioning) and consequent reinforces (operant conditioning). The causes and reinforces may be of a psychological, sociological or physiological nature (Miller Eisler, 1975). The relationship between SUDs and psychiatric disorders pose commonplace diagnostic challenges for both clinicians in treatment settings and researchers in community settings. This is because both SUDs and psychiatric disorders are intermeshed with resemblance of intoxication and withdrawal effects to the symptoms of psychiatric disorders in most patients who come for treatment. Research findings suggests that there are high rates of SUDs amongst individuals with schizophrenia (Regier et al 1990), and even higher rates were reported among samples with first episode psychosis (FEP) (Sevy et al, 2001; Kavanagh et al, 2004; Wade et al, 2004). Addressing co morbidity is clinically relevant because SUD in schizophrenic patients is associated with poorer clinical outcomes (Swofford et al, 1996) and contributes significantly to their morbidity and morality (Rosen et la, 2008). The reasons for high co morbidity between SUD and schizophrenia although poorly understood, are considered to be a n involvement of brain pathways and is likely to be a shared feature in co morbidity that is common to all drugs of abuse (Volkow et al, 2007). The co morbidity of SUD and schizophrenia could also be a direct consequence of the underlying neuropathology of schizophrenia. This may contribute to enhanced addiction vulnerability in individuals by disrupting the neural substrates that mediate positive reinforcement (Chambers, Krystal Self, 2001). The challenge has been to design measures to differentiate three conditions. Firstly, differentiating between expected intoxication and withdrawal symptoms; secondly, being able to distinguish between psychiatric disorders occurring during periods of active substance use. The third measure includes being able to differentiate between psychiatric disorders that are clearly independent from substance use. Prior to the publication of DSM-Iv, there existed no specific criteria for making these differentiations in substance abusers. This gave rise to a number of reliability and validity problems, including low levels of agreement between study groups, even when the same measures were used (Hasin, Samet, Nunes, Meydan, Matseoane Waxman, 2006). Eventually, DSM-IV clarified the guidelines to a considerable extent for differentiating independent and substance-induced disorders. According to DSM-IV, if a psychiatric episode occurs when substance use is insufficient to produce persistent intox ication or withdrawal, it would be diagnosed as primary (independent). Subsequently, substance-induced psychiatric disorders are defined as those that occur during periods of heavy substance use (or remitting shortly thereafter) and that have symptoms that exceed the expected effects of intoxication or withdrawal listed in DSM-IV. Hasin et al (2006), also argue that no study has yet addressed the reliability of the DSM-IV system of differentiating between intoxication/withdrawal symptoms. Disorders whose symptoms exceed intoxication/withdrawal effects and psychiatric disorders that is temporally independent from periods of substance use. In order to create a diagnostic instrument that was reliable and valid for assessment of psychiatric disorders in substance abusers, the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) was developed (Hasin, Trautman, Miele, Samet, Smith Endicott, 1996). The pre-DSM-IV PRISM included standardised guidelines and probes to differentiate between organic and non organic syndromes and was administered by experienced clinical interviewers. Hasin et al (1996) conducted a study involving 172 dual-diagnosis or substance abuse patients. The result showed good to excellent reliability for many diagnoses, including SUDs, primary affective disorders, eating disorders, some anxiety disorders, and psychotic symptoms. The need to incorporate the new DSM-IV criteria (including the criteria for substance-induced disorders), to shorten and simplify the interview, and to add assessment of specific psychotic disorders led to the development of the PRISM-IV (Hasin et al, 2006). The PRISM-IV is a semi structured interview. The covers the diagnosis for current and lifetime time frames. These include abuse and dependence (by substance), major depressive disorder, mania, schizophrenia, mood disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, personality disorders etc. The most fascinating feature of the PRISM-IV is that, diagnostic modules can be selected to suit specific research needs. Apart from this, substance use disorders that are unimportant to the research question can be omitted as well. Other than PRISM-IV and DSM-IV, there are various other assessment tools that can be used for the assessment of psychiatric disorders in substance abusers. One such tool is the International Classification of Diseases Diagnostic Criteria (ICD-10). ICD-10 provides specific criteria to differentiate between primary disorders and disorders resulting from psychoactive substance use, but only for psychotic disorders. ICD-10 excludes psychotic episodes attributed to psychoactive substance use from a primary classification similar to DSM-IV. Unlike DSM-IV, ICS-10 does not provide a separate psychoactive substance-related category for any other type of psychiatric disorder. In ICS-10, organic mental disorders exclude alcohol or other psychoactive substance-related disorders. Furthermore, organic mood disorders and organic delusional disorders cannot be used to diagnose episodes co-occurring with heavy psychoactive substance use (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 2006). Different interviews for psychiatric diagnosis based on DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria are available for clinical and research studies. These include Structured Clinical Interviews for Axis I disorders (SCID-I) for DSM-IV (First et al, 1997). There exists the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) (Janca et al, 1994) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (WHO, 1998). The SCID-IV is a semi-structured interview that allows diagnosis of primary or substance-induced disorders. However, it does not provide any specific guidelines other than those stated in the criteria. The differentiation of primary and substance induced disorders is made on a syndrome level in SCID-IV (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 2006). A range of clinical phenomena can be assessed by SCAN. A core instrument of the SCAN is the Present State Examination (PSE-10). PSE ratings are coded on score sheets and based on these ratings, a computer program generates ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnos es. The PSE is a semi-structured clinical examination. The interviewer uses clinical judgment to attribute specified definitions to clinical phenomena using the SCAN Glossary. The glossary consists of a list of definitions of clinical symptoms and experiences (Torrens, Matrin-Santos Samet, 2006). Finally, the CIDI is a fully structured interview design. The interviewers read the questions as written without interpretation (Robins et al, 1988). CIDI relies heavily on the subjects opinion for primary substance-induced differentiation. The CIDI generates ICD-10 and DSM-IV diagnoses. Symptoms attributed to alcohol, drugs, or physical illnesses are eliminated for consideration when making psychiatric diagnoses in CIDI. The method of evaluation used in CIDI is very varied in comparison to SCID-IV, SCAN or PRISM-IV. Torrens et al (2006) argues that, currently, most DSM-IV psychiatric disorders can be assessed in substance-abusing subjects with acceptable to excellent reliability and validity by specifically using the PRISM assessment tool. Having reviewed the statistics, aetiology and assessment of co morbidity in alcohol abuse, the next section is going to analyse the different treatment approaches. One of the biggest problems in the treatment of SUDs is preventing a relapse after abstinence or controlled substance use has been achieved. Whilst there is no general theory of relapse, Marlatt Gordons approach to treatment is based principles of social learning theory, and draws heavily on the concepts of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977). The approach emphasises on the methods to enhance confidence in individuals to enable them to perform activities leading to an effective outcome. According to self-efficacy theory, individuals who possess a high self-efficacy on their ability to perform a particular task are more likely to initiate and maintain that behaviour (Wilson, 1996). Wilson (1996) argues that the self-efficacy theory has been criticised on a number of conceptual grounds including difficulty in distinguishing betwe en response-outcome expectancies and performance self-efficacy (Lee, 1989). The Stages of change model by Prochaska DiClemente (1983), suggest four stages in the process of change. These include: pre-contemplation (not thinking about cessation); contemplation; action (attempting to engage in cessation); and maintenance (stopped using drug, and attempting to remain abstinent). Wilson (1996) argues that, although this model cannot be considered to be a general theory of relapse, there are opportunities different types of interventions for different individuals. He further argues that theory helps make specific and testable predictions about the matching of individuals for treatments. Other than the theoretical explanations for prevention of replace in individuals with alcohol abuse, there also exists medical treatment and social treatment approaches. Detoxification is an abrupt stop of alcohol drinking coupled with the substitution of drugs that have similar effects to offset the withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification treats only the physical effects of prolonge d use of alcohol, but does not actually treat alcoholism. There is a high chance of relapse without further treatment. Various forms of group therapy or psychotherapy can be used to deal with underlying psychological issues that are related to alcohol addiction, as well as providing relapse prevention skills. Miller (1980) states that when problem drinkers are treated, approximately one-third become abstinent and an additional one-third show substantial improvement without abstinence. He has based his findings from short-term studies; however, data from long-term studies suggest that on average only 26% of those treated remain abstinent or improved after one year. A few other treatment strategies for alcohol addiction include aversion therapies, family therapies, controlled drinking therapies etc. To conclude, while progress is apparent in the study of substance abuse; more research is needed on the commonalities and differences among the addictions. Numerous theories have been developed to help explain the causes of addiction, but it is important not to lose sight of essential differences among substances and their effects. Individuals with recurrent or severe and enduring mental illness and co morbidity with substance-misuse have complex needs. This requires the continuing care of specialist mental health services and substance-misuse services. It has been reported that around 30% of those seeking help for mental health problems have current substance misuse problems, and of individuals seeking help for substance misuse, more than half have had a mental disorder in the previous six months (Department of Health, 1998). According to Appleby (1999), individuals with substance-misuse and psychiatric disorders find it hard to engage with appropriate services. He further states th at suicide is a high risk factor amongst this group. The different assessment tools that have been devised by DSM-IV for the diagnosis of co morbidity in SUDs, whether in primary or specialist care should consider how to access appropriate specialist input. Recent studies have examined the relationship

Formation Of False Memories :: essays research papers

Have you ever been an eyewitness at the scene of a crime? If you were, do you think that you would be able to accurately describe, in precise detail, everything that happened and remember distinct features of the suspect? Many people believe that yes they would be able to remember anything from the events that would happen and the different features of the suspect. Some people, in fact, are so sure of themselves after witnessing an event such as this that they are able to testify that what they think they saw was indeed what they saw. However, using an eyewitness as a source of evidence can be risky and is rarely 100% accurate. This can be proven by the theory of the possibility of false memory formation and the question of whether or not a memory can lie.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There have been several experiments done to try to prove that false memories can indeed be formed. One experiment, for example, was tried with a 14-year-old boy. The boy was told four memories, one of which was falsely constructed but similar to that of a true memory. The memories that were suggested took place when the boy was about 10 years younger. As the false memory was retold to him, he was asked to explain in detail what he had remembered from that event. Surprisingly, he claimed to remember the event, even though it was falsely created by the interviewer and his brother, and went on to explain what he remember to have happened, details and all. After collecting everything he had said about the four memories, he was told that one of the suggested memories was made-up and he was asked to guess which one it may have been. When he couldn’t decide which one it was, he was told that it was in fact the memory of getting lost in a store. He was confused and had trouble believing the truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Similar studies were done to a different set of college students and they tended to have the same results. After giving as much detail about each memory, the students were interviewed about what they may have written done about what they had remembered. During the last part of the experiment, each of the students were debriefed and asked to guess which memory they believed was false.

John Proctor: Honorable or Not Essay

Many people believe John Proctor plays role of the dishonorable character in the play of â€Å" The Crucible † . I honestly believe he is actually honorable by his actions of goodness and redemption in the play . He proves this by the rejecting of continuing the affair with Abigail , confessing of his affair to Hale , and dying. In the beginning of the play , there is a scene in which he is with Abigail . Abigail says , â€Å" Give me a word John . A soft word . † . Proctor then says , â€Å" No , no , Abby . That’s done with † ( P 1224 ) . This shows that when John Proctor had the affair , he saw it as a mistake and started to reject Abigail . This shows how he sees his mistake and does anything to prevent himself from committing that error once again . Later , in Act II , Proctor confesses to his affair with Abigail . He confesses to Hale about his affair to ease himself of what he has been keeping to himself for quite some time . This explains how he is honorable by admitting his mistakes . He does not keep something of this dishonorable character to himself . He feels as if he must correct any mistakes he has committed in the past . I believe this action shows the audience that he is honorable to be able to confess the truth to any negative actions . Towards the end , during the final Act , he is just waiting to die . He confessed about his affair with Abigail , in addition , he also did confess to being a witch even though he was not . He believes that he is taking responsibility for his actions and even for those he did not do. Many people believe John Proctor is dishonorable because of his affair , but did he not confess ? Did he not die for something he did not even do ? I believe that his death gave him redemption for his actions with Abigail. I believe John Proctor is a very honorable in his confession of his mistakes in life and the mistakes of others . He has proven his honor throughout different actions in the play.

What impressions do we get from Captain Wentworth, Austen’s hero, from chapters 7 to 9?

In chapters seven to nine of Persuasion, Austen introduces us to Captain Wentworth as he has jus arrived in Kellynch. This is the first time that Anne and Wentworth have seen each other in eight years. We learn more about Wentworth and the way he thinks and acts. In these three chapters we also see the effect of Wentworth's arrival on Anne, Henrietta, Louisa and their relations. Through the reactions of the characters we learn more about some aspects of his personality and his behaviour, especially towards Anne. In chapter seven we get the impression from Mr Musgrove than Wentworth is someone who has made a good impression on him and can be respected as after meeting him, Mr Musgrove â€Å"came back warm in his praise†. We also get other impressions of â€Å"Captain Wentworth† from Louisa and Henrietta after he visits their house. They are both charmed by Wentworth and they are â€Å"perfectly delighted† with him, especially after they see â€Å"how much handsomer, how infinitely more agreeable† he is â€Å"than any individual among their male acquaintance†. Austen makes us like Captain Wentworth without us having even met him through the opinions of other people. Not only do the Miss Musgrove's praise Wentworth, their father has a high opinion of him as well. We also see that Mary and Charles are desperate to meet him, to the extent that they will put from their minds one of their son's injuries to have dinner with Wentworth instead. Through their, in particular Mary's actions we see that Wentworth has been deemed important enough to warrant some excitement. We also see the reactions of Mary and Charles after their dinner with Wentworth that they also have praise for him especially on his â€Å"charming manners†. However Anne's reaction to Wentworth and his avoidance of breakfast at the cottage the day after is one of understanding, this is due to the fact that only she knows that he does not want to see her and is avoiding her. However he does come to the cottage, for a brief time where he and Anne meet again for the first time in eight years. Their interaction is only short as he is only visiting for a few minutes before hunting with Charles, yet they are reduced to greeting each other formally â€Å"a bow, a curtsey passed† and they never exchange any words. We see that Anne is relieved to have their first meeting over and done with. However after observing that Wentworth has not changed much and in fact looks much better, she finds out from Mary that Wentworth thought that Anne was â€Å"so altered he should not have know† her again. At the end of the chapter we switch to Wentworth's point of view and his thoughts. We gain an insight into his past relationship with Anne and we find out how he used to feel about her and how â€Å"he had never seen a woman since whom he thought her equal†. This suggest that Wentworth is still not over Anne and was still not used to being in her presence as he had had â€Å"no desire of meeting her again†. We see that Wentworth tries to deny that he has any feeling for Anne and he fools himself into thinking that he wants to marry someone else, anyone except for Anne. We know that he hasn't been totally unaffected by Anne's decision eight years previously as he states that he wants a woman who has â€Å"A strong mind, with sweetness of manner†, two thing which he thinks that Anne lacks due to her being persuade not to marry him. In chapter eight we see much more of Wentworth as he is now part of the â€Å"same circle† as Anne Elliot and her in-laws. From Anne we learn more about how her past relationship with Wentworth is much different from her present one. We see that whilst they were â€Å"Once so much to each other! † they are â€Å"Now nothing†. During this chapter we also find out more about Wentworth's life at sea and the reaction of Louisa and Anne to this. Louisa reacts much like Anne remembers she acted when she was getting to know Wentworth and didn't know much yet about the navy. We find that Wentworth served with the Miss Musgrove's other brother, Richard who died sometime previously. Wentworth is kind to the Musgrove's, in particular Mrs Musgrove about the death of â€Å"Dick† even when it is implied that he did not even like her son and â€Å"had probably been at some pains to get rid of him†. At the end of the chapter we find that Wentworth is enjoying himself and according to Anne, who cannot help notice, this is due to â€Å"the attention of all the young women† this includes Henrietta, Louisa and the Miss Hayters. However Wentworth also seems to be worried or at least curious as to why Anne doesn't seem to be enjoying herself and has not even danced as all she has been doing is providing the entertainment. We also see more interaction between Wentworth and Anne yet it is still only polite and does not even hint that there was anything between them in the past, as if they are only recent acquaintances. In the last chapter we see that Wentworth has had no trouble fitting in at Kellynch and even though he had had plans to move on and visit his brother in the country â€Å"the attractions of Uppercross induced him to put this off†. However with an old face turning up in Uppercross again we find that his reaction to Wentworth is much different to everyone else's opinion of him. The Musgrove's all had â€Å"unvarying, warm admiration† for him, whereas with the arrival of Charles Hayter we see Wentworth from a different perspective. One of the factors which could have explained Charles's opinion of him could be that before the arrival of Wentworth Charles had been attached to Henrietta yet after his arrival Henrietta had forgotten all about him and it was as their relationship had never occurred. We also see more proof that Wentworth cannot see Anne hurt as he saves her from her nephew Walter who had enthusiastically climbed onto her back and had not let go despite being told several times to do so. In this instance we also see more about Charles Hayter's opinion of Wentworth after his good deed is that Walter should have listened to him when he told him to do something. However his opinion of Wentworth has not changed yet he feels slightly inadequate as Wentworth helped where he could not and he feels as if he is being replaced by Wentworth. In conclusion I would say that we find out a lot about Wentworth, especially through opinions of other people. We also find out about more of his past in these three chapters than in the six chapters before. Wentworth is a typical hero from a ‘romantic' novel and he seems as if he is too good to be true as he has no huge flaws in his character. We get the impression that overall Wentworth seems to be past the hurt Anne's rejection caused him yet underneath there are hints that this is just a faiade. This adds depth to his character and make him a much more likeable person.

Construction Safety and Accidents in Latino Community

Construction Safety and Accidents in Latino Community Introduction Workplace safety has been an issue of regular discourse, especially in the building and construction industry, which normally entails several precarious engagements (Roelofs, Martinez, Brunette, Azaroff, 2011). American immigrants have persistently been complaining about social prejudice and workplace discrimination, with majority of them working in a more risk environment than the Native Americans do.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Construction Safety and Accidents in Latino Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similar to several other minority groups in the United States, Latino men have continued to engage in the construction industry as a construction workforce. According to Roelofs et al. (2011), research in the construction industry of the United States reveals that â€Å"Hispanic workers have higher rates of injury and death on construction worksites than workers of other ethnici ties† (p. 1). Based on the investigations of their research, Latino workers in the construction industry experience the most excellent rates of workplace-related injuries. Roelofs et al. (2011) state that approximately 3.7 incidents of these fatal injuries per 100,000 full-time workers are associated with the Latino workers, which is very high in the construction industry. Investigations into the rising workplace injuries among the Latino male constructors have unveiled several underlying factors that contribute to disparities in injuries between the Latino workers and non-Latino workers. Roelofs et al. (2011) assert that cultural disparities, language barriers, and Latino traditional values, contribute to construction workplace discrimination that further forces Latino men to engage in risky occupations in the United States. Pertaining to language barriers, Latinos frequently speak Spanish that creates language bias, as most of the top constructors are Native Americans who co mmunicate in fluent English (Roelofs et al., 2011). The construction workplace discrimination emerges because employers perceive Latino constructors as ‘hard’ and committed workers, and therefore, assign them dangerous and risky tasks to the working and job commitment, which predispose them to accidents. Additionally, Latino male constructors come from the minority groups with limited political and economic resources; hence, compelling them to perform dangerous and risky tasks in the construction industry as a means of survival (Roelofs et al., 2011). The economic instability of the Latino, coupled with limited political supremacy, influence their engagement in risky undertakings. Problem Statement Occupational health and safety in the United States is an issue that continues to attract workplace discourse, with employee safety continuing to be a controversial matter. According to Roelofs et al. (2011), construction workplace discrimination among the minority groups in the United States is still widespread notwithstanding the prevailing policies and regulations that prohibit such practices.Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Construction workplace discrimination occurs because employers perceive Latino male constructors as ‘hard workers’ and assign them dangerous and risk duties in the construction industry. In recent research on the American construction industry, Roelofs et al. (2011) reveal that approximately 3.7 incidents of workplace fatal injuries per 100,000 fulltime constructors happen among the Latinos, when compared to 3.4 incidents and3.0 incidents that happen among White workers and Black American workers respectively. Moreover, medical records of the Latino men reveal that 30% of the medical conditions experienced by these men result from work-related injuries (Roelofs et al., 2011). While the American reg ulations forbid workplace discrimination and seek to promote socioeconomic justice, the case of Latino men constructors violates these regulations. Hence, to understand the underlying issues, it is essential to explore the issue of construction safety and accidents among male workers in the Latino community. Rationale for the Research Workplace safety and occupational health among organizations are universal concerns that continue to elicit incessant reactions from the public and workplaces. However, it is essential to understand that these issues are diverse and occur in different ways across the globe. Given the rising cases of workplace discrimination among Latino men, which puts them in the desperate situation by engaging in risky construction employment, there is need to explore this problem. Compared to other ethnic groups, occupational death rates among Latino constructors continue to augment, with labor authorities and their policies continuing to prove ineffective. Workplac e injuries and fatalities among Latino male constructors adversely affect the socioeconomic status of their relatives and families. This paper intends to examine the problem of construction safety and accidents among males in the Latino community, preferably from the perspective of those individuals working in the construction industry. In addition, it explores the prevailing status of the problem, examines predisposing factors that contribute to the reducing workplace safety among Latino male constructors, and provides possible remedies. Statement of the Research Objectives As the issue of construction safety and accidents among Latino men continue to raise concerns, this paper will use the following research objectives to inspect the problem comprehensively and expansively. The study seeks to: Examine the prevailing status of construction safety and accidents among male workers in the Latino community, especially in the construction industry. Investigate the underlying facts rega rding the notion that male constructors from Latino community are at greater risk for workplace accidents than other ethnicities. Explore the major assumptions about the predisposing factors that reduce workplace safety of Latino male constructors. Provide recommendations on how to improve the working conditions of the Latino male constructors as possible remedies to their workplace issues. Hypotheses of the study In examining the identified research problem, the study will assume the following hypotheses.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Construction Safety and Accidents in Latino Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Safety issues and workplace-related accidents are common among Latino male constructors. Latino male constructors are more susceptible to construction accidents than non-Latino male constructors are. Major factors that predispose Latino male constructors to accidents include incompetent skills, poor education, traditional values, language barriers, and economic instability. Latino male constructors should embrace education, acquire safety skills, adopt English, and shun their traditional values. Definition of Terms Latino community Is an immigrant community that resides in the United States, which is considered as a minority ethnic group because it has limited political, social, and economic powers that compel them to perform risky jobs. Construction industry- It refers to a social economic sector that deals with construction, modification, and repair of houses, commercial buildings, roads, estate development, and other infrastructure. Construction safety – It is a condition of being free from any risks, hazards, accidents, and fatalities within the construction environment. Construction accidents – refers to unintentional events that cause injuries among workers during construction. Construction workplace discrimination – employers perceive Latino men as ‘hard workers’, and thus discriminate against them by assigning risky and dangerous tasks to them. Summary Workplace safety of employees in America is a critical issue that calls for immediate attention as people continue to incur injuries, while some accidents are resulting in serious fatalities. Although workplace discrimination remains an illegal practice in the workplace, the rising cases of injuries among Latino men working in the construction industry contrast the national public interest. The purpose of this study is to examine the issue of construction safety and accidents among Latino male constructors. To examine the problem objectively, the study wants to provide a deeper understanding of the prevailing situation of workplace safely among Latino male constructors.Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The study also explores the conceptions that Latino men are at a higher risk for workplace injuries than other ethnic groups. Moreover, the paper will also investigate the predisposing factors that reduce safety of Latino male constructors and provide recommendations that would act as remedies to the problems experienced by Latino male constructors. Reference Roelofs, C., Martinez, L., Brunette, M., Azaroff, L. (2011). A qualitative investigation of Hispanic construction worker perspectives on factors impacting worksite safety and risk. Environmental Health, 10(84), 1-9.